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Player…·
CFB
Vann Schield
RB · Colorado State
Description
Position
RB
Team
Colorado State
Class
—
Jersey
—
Height
—
Weight
—
Hometown
—
Last active
2024
Accolades
0
No accolades.
2026 Projection
No 2026 projection (graduated, drafted, or non-skill position).
Season Stats
Regular season
SeasonTmCarYdsTDY/CLngRecRecYdRecTDFumLostFR
2024Northern Colorado3514414.1583190———
2023CSU9038934.35211790210
Game Log
Latest season
WkOppCarYdsTDY/CLngRecRecYdRecTD
1Incarnate Word118017.3581110
2Colorado State122001.77———
3Abilene Christian31304.35———
4Stephen F. Austin2904.55———
5Cal Poly4902.25140
11Eastern Washington—————140
12Northern Arizona31304.37———
Stat Profile
2023 · vs 377 RBs
Rush YdsY/CRush TDRec YdsPPAUsage
Rush Yds
38914
Y/C
4.321
Rush TD
329
Rec Yds
7943
PPA
0.0413
Usage
16%27
PlayerMedian (50th)percentile vs league
Volume vs Efficiency
2023 · vs 377
Jacob Kibodi — Rush Yds 729, Y/C 5.7Hunter Smith — Rush Yds 507, Y/C 5.4Isaiah Woullard — Rush Yds 447, Y/C 4.6Ronnie Walker Jr. — Rush Yds 574, Y/C 4.2Samson Evans — Rush Yds 635, Y/C 4.5Tyrone Tracy Jr. — Rush Yds 716, Y/C 6.3TaMerik Williams — Rush Yds 479, Y/C 5.3Dontae Smith — Rush Yds 439, Y/C 5.2Blake Watson — Rush Yds 1045, Y/C 5.9Jarveon Howard — Rush Yds 772, Y/C 5O'Shann Allison — Rush Yds 452, Y/C 3.3Lorenzo Lingard — Rush Yds 641, Y/C 4.5Juma Otoviano — Rush Yds 312, Y/C 3.7Kobe Lewis — Rush Yds 406, Y/C 4.8Simi Bakare — Rush Yds 287, Y/C 3.3Deshaun Fenwick — Rush Yds 500, Y/C 5.6Anthony Grant — Rush Yds 413, Y/C 4Gino Appleberry Jr. — Rush Yds 631, Y/C 4.3Tyre Shelton — Rush Yds 551, Y/C 5.7Malik Jackson — Rush Yds 860, Y/C 6.5Ja'Won Howell — Rush Yds 364, Y/C 4Kris Jackson — Rush Yds 470, Y/C 4.5Dylan Laube — Rush Yds 715, Y/C 4.5Ty Son Lawton — Rush Yds 568, Y/C 4.5Devon Brewer — Rush Yds 349, Y/C 3Dra Rushton — Rush Yds 542, Y/C 4Geno Hess — Rush Yds 1016, Y/C 5.5Perris Jones — Rush Yds 393, Y/C 5.2Isaac Guerendo — Rush Yds 649, Y/C 6Nakia Watson — Rush Yds 321, Y/C 3.6C'Bo Flemister — Rush Yds 367, Y/C 3.7Jared Wilson — Rush Yds 305, Y/C 3.5D'Angelo Durham — Rush Yds 497, Y/C 4.7Jalen Jackson — Rush Yds 833, Y/C 7.4Cody Schrader — Rush Yds 1489, Y/C 6Sean Dollars — Rush Yds 527, Y/C 3.5Marcus Major — Rush Yds 308, Y/C 3.9Kay'Ron Adams — Rush Yds 1157, Y/C 4.9TD Ayo-Durojaiye — Rush Yds 439, Y/C 5.2Ulysses Bentley IV — Rush Yds 521, Y/C 5.7Kenan Christon — Rush Yds 378, Y/C 3.9Mike Hollins — Rush Yds 274, Y/C 3.4Terrell Jennings — Rush Yds 391, Y/C 5Oscar Adaway III — Rush Yds 738, Y/C 6Billy Lucas — Rush Yds 578, Y/C 5.3Delbert Mimms III — Rush Yds 269, Y/C 2.9Nick Ostmo — Rush Yds 495, Y/C 5.8Ladarius Owens — Rush Yds 1399, Y/C 6.9Nathaniel Peat — Rush Yds 317, Y/C 4.2Savon Smith — Rush Yds 573, Y/C 4.9Jacquez Stuart — Rush Yds 475, Y/C 4.7Treshaun Ward — Rush Yds 651, Y/C 5.2Jordan Waters — Rush Yds 753, Y/C 5.3Jacardia Wright — Rush Yds 701, Y/C 4.7Jase McClellan — Rush Yds 803, Y/C 4.8Kendall Milton — Rush Yds 686, Y/C 6.1MarShawn Lloyd — Rush Yds 820, Y/C 7.1Jaylan Knighton — Rush Yds 720, Y/C 5.6Jo'quavious Marks — Rush Yds 573, Y/C 4.7Blake Corum — Rush Yds 1028, Y/C 4.7Rashad Amos — Rush Yds 895, Y/C 5.1Jaylon Armstead — Rush Yds 448, Y/C 4.3Trey Benson — Rush Yds 905, Y/C 5.8Peny Boone — Rush Yds 1400, Y/C 7.2Tahj Brooks — Rush Yds 1447, Y/C 5.4Quinton Cooley — Rush Yds 1322, Y/C 6.2Ron Cook Jr. — Rush Yds 609, Y/C 4.1Re'Mahn Davis — Rush Yds 1066, Y/C 5.7Justin Dinka — Rush Yds 518, Y/C 4.3Daijun Edwards — Rush Yds 819, Y/C 5.2Justice Ellison — Rush Yds 548, Y/C 4.6Malik Grant — Rush Yds 724, Y/C 4.1Frank Gore Jr. — Rush Yds 1131, Y/C 4.9George Holani — Rush Yds 606, Y/C 5.2Jaedon Henry — Rush Yds 395, Y/C 3.5Jawhar Jordan — Rush Yds 1128, Y/C 6.2Ryan Ingram — Rush Yds 837, Y/C 5.4Larry McCammon III — Rush Yds 681, Y/C 4.6Cole Mueller — Rush Yds 408, Y/C 4.6Aidan Robbins — Rush Yds 485, Y/C 4.8Marquez Cooper — Rush Yds 1043, Y/C 4.6Dominic Richardson — Rush Yds 519, Y/C 4.2Keshawn Wicks — Rush Yds 551, Y/C 5Darvon Hubbard — Rush Yds 412, Y/C 5Chip Trayanum — Rush Yds 373, Y/C 4.4David Afari — Rush Yds 630, Y/C 4.3Kimani Vidal — Rush Yds 1583, Y/C 5.7Kentrel Bullock — Rush Yds 380, Y/C 4.9Gavin Williams — Rush Yds 448, Y/C 5.2Harlan Dixon — Rush Yds 363, Y/C 4.4Darryle Evans — Rush Yds 436, Y/C 4.6Kejon Owens — Rush Yds 453, Y/C 5.7Henry Parrish Jr. — Rush Yds 579, Y/C 6.5Rodney Hammond Jr. — Rush Yds 547, Y/C 4.6Jay'Veon Sunday — Rush Yds 661, Y/C 5.3Corey Kiner — Rush Yds 1047, Y/C 5.5Leshon Williams — Rush Yds 804, Y/C 4.9Sieh Bangura — Rush Yds 811, Y/C 4.6Donovan Edwards — Rush Yds 382, Y/C 3.5Will Shipley — Rush Yds 798, Y/C 5.1Phil Mafah — Rush Yds 894, Y/C 5.3Jalen Hampton — Rush Yds 873, Y/C 4.7Avery Morrow — Rush Yds 262, Y/C 3.2Jabari Small — Rush Yds 475, Y/C 5TreVeyon Henderson — Rush Yds 854, Y/C 6.2LJ Johnson Jr. — Rush Yds 544, Y/C 5.4Camar Wheaton — Rush Yds 410, Y/C 5John Gentry — Rush Yds 394, Y/C 3.3Rocko Griffin — Rush Yds 440, Y/C 5.5Khalan Griffin — Rush Yds 821, Y/C 4.7Elijah Young — Rush Yds 476, Y/C 5Terion Stewart — Rush Yds 762, Y/C 6.1Elijah Howard — Rush Yds 805, Y/C 5.8Emani Bailey — Rush Yds 1209, Y/C 5.4D.J. Williams — Rush Yds 345, Y/C 4.4Nay'Quan Wright — Rush Yds 757, Y/C 4.5Rodrigues Clark — Rush Yds 429, Y/C 5.6RJ Harvey — Rush Yds 1296, Y/C 6.1Vincent Davis — Rush Yds 722, Y/C 5.5Josh Henderson — Rush Yds 337, Y/C 4.2Daniel Hishaw Jr. — Rush Yds 599, Y/C 5.2Jaylen Thomas — Rush Yds 460, Y/C 3.5JJ Davis — Rush Yds 456, Y/C 4.8Anthony Watkins — Rush Yds 889, Y/C 4.5Audric Estime — Rush Yds 1341, Y/C 6.4Julius Davis — Rush Yds 697, Y/C 7.2Jermaine Brown Jr. — Rush Yds 803, Y/C 5.1Kairee Robinson — Rush Yds 1124, Y/C 7.2Joshua Carter — Rush Yds 609, Y/C 6Marcus Knight — Rush Yds 503, Y/C 4.3Marcus Fulcher — Rush Yds 484, Y/C 5Isaiah Williams — Rush Yds 929, Y/C 4.7Zak Wallace — Rush Yds 556, Y/C 4.6Joshua Stakely — Rush Yds 635, Y/C 5Nick Romano — Rush Yds 482, Y/C 4.9Travis Theis — Rush Yds 744, Y/C 4.8Ailym Ford — Rush Yds 485, Y/C 4.1Cooper Wallace — Rush Yds 278, Y/C 3.7Dominic Roberto — Rush Yds 704, Y/C 4.3Jay Stanton — Rush Yds 944, Y/C 6.6Irvin Mulligan — Rush Yds 582, Y/C 5.8Narii Gaither — Rush Yds 642, Y/C 5.2Michael Benefield — Rush Yds 522, Y/C 6.4Dee Wil Barlee — Rush Yds 597, Y/C 6.2Donavyn Lester — Rush Yds 455, Y/C 4.8Jimmie Robinson III — Rush Yds 529, Y/C 3.6Michael Neel — Rush Yds 491, Y/C 4.1Jacory Merritt — Rush Yds 1185, Y/C 6.3Deion Hankins — Rush Yds 812, Y/C 5.2Devon Starling — Rush Yds 703, Y/C 5.4Latrell Collier — Rush Yds 605, Y/C 4.7Harrison Waylee — Rush Yds 856, Y/C 5.9Marcus Carroll — Rush Yds 1350, Y/C 4.9Ahmad Antoine — Rush Yds 496, Y/C 4.6Darran Butts — Rush Yds 695, Y/C 5.7Taj Butts — Rush Yds 417, Y/C 4.5Rahjai Harris — Rush Yds 485, Y/C 3.8Mar'Keise Irving — Rush Yds 1063, Y/C 6.2Faysal Aden — Rush Yds 416, Y/C 4.2Logan Diggs — Rush Yds 652, Y/C 5.5Nathan Carter — Rush Yds 792, Y/C 4.3Malik Sherrod — Rush Yds 877, Y/C 5.8Kyle Monangai — Rush Yds 1099, Y/C 5.1Braydon Bennett — Rush Yds 381, Y/C 4.4Jalen White — Rush Yds 891, Y/C 5.6Jamal Haynes — Rush Yds 931, Y/C 6Donovan Eaglin — Rush Yds 637, Y/C 5.5Nate Noel — Rush Yds 825, Y/C 4.8Jonathon Brooks — Rush Yds 1139, Y/C 6.1Devin Neal — Rush Yds 1209, Y/C 6.6Jaylen Wright — Rush Yds 1013, Y/C 7.4Zahir Abdus-Salaam — Rush Yds 470, Y/C 3.8Patrick Smith — Rush Yds 327, Y/C 4.1Bill Jackson — Rush Yds 414, Y/C 4.5Trent Howland — Rush Yds 354, Y/C 4.7Eli Sanders — Rush Yds 477, Y/C 4.7Montrell Johnson — Rush Yds 817, Y/C 5.4Braedon Wissler — Rush Yds 678, Y/C 4.7La'Damian Webb — Rush Yds 1007, Y/C 5.4Donald Chaney Jr. — Rush Yds 478, Y/C 5.1Kaytron Allen — Rush Yds 851, Y/C 5.3Braelon Allen — Rush Yds 984, Y/C 5.4Trevor Etienne — Rush Yds 753, Y/C 5.7Omarion Hampton — Rush Yds 1442, Y/C 6.2Anthony Hankerson — Rush Yds 319, Y/C 4.1Jordan James — Rush Yds 696, Y/C 7.1Le'Veon Moss — Rush Yds 484, Y/C 5Jaydn Ott — Rush Yds 1265, Y/C 5.5Gavin Sawchuk — Rush Yds 610, Y/C 5.8Nicholas Singleton — Rush Yds 702, Y/C 4.3Quinshon Judkins — Rush Yds 1052, Y/C 4.4Roydell Williams — Rush Yds 561, Y/C 5.1Dre Washington — Rush Yds 442, Y/C 5.8Devin Mockobee — Rush Yds 807, Y/C 4.7Kobe Pace — Rush Yds 382, Y/C 3.1Malcolm Terry II — Rush Yds 344, Y/C 4.2Malachi Thomas — Rush Yds 365, Y/C 4.6Amauri Pesek-Hickson — Rush Yds 441, Y/C 4.6Frank Peasant — Rush Yds 306, Y/C 3.7Mike Washington Jr. — Rush Yds 362, Y/C 4Antario Brown — Rush Yds 1162, Y/C 6.2Cam Porter — Rush Yds 618, Y/C 4Kevorian Barnes — Rush Yds 698, Y/C 5Roman Hemby — Rush Yds 663, Y/C 4.9Dillon Johnson — Rush Yds 1113, Y/C 5.5Kenji Christian — Rush Yds 704, Y/C 5.4Rasheen Ali — Rush Yds 1048, Y/C 5.2Johnny Richardson — Rush Yds 557, Y/C 6.6Ja'Quinden Jackson — Rush Yds 742, Y/C 4.8Lamagea McDowell — Rush Yds 505, Y/C 4Al Wooten II — Rush Yds 639, Y/C 4.9Coleman Bennett — Rush Yds 496, Y/C 4.1Joey Giorgi — Rush Yds 636, Y/C 4.3Marcus Yarns — Rush Yds 847, Y/C 7.2Malachi Imoh — Rush Yds 834, Y/C 6.8Quali Conley — Rush Yds 809, Y/C 6.4Rashad Raymond — Rush Yds 351, Y/C 3.7Devin Matthews — Rush Yds 644, Y/C 4.6Bryson Irby — Rush Yds 484, Y/C 5.1Trey Foster — Rush Yds 432, Y/C 5.5Roland Dempster — Rush Yds 408, Y/C 4.4Isaiah Davis — Rush Yds 1056, Y/C 6.7DJ Moyer — Rush Yds 319, Y/C 3.6Shomari Lawrence — Rush Yds 566, Y/C 4.5Kaelon Black — Rush Yds 594, Y/C 4.5Jalen Madison — Rush Yds 645, Y/C 4.7Jaylon Jackson — Rush Yds 574, Y/C 4.6Isaiah Smith — Rush Yds 497, Y/C 6.1Reggie Love III — Rush Yds 567, Y/C 4.9Cameron Skattebo — Rush Yds 788, Y/C 4.8Jarett Hunter — Rush Yds 538, Y/C 4.3Kevin Daniels — Rush Yds 297, Y/C 3.9Lan Larison — Rush Yds 921, Y/C 6.2Amin Woods — Rush Yds 711, Y/C 4.6Jobi Malary — Rush Yds 676, Y/C 6.6Elijah Gilliam — Rush Yds 375, Y/C 4Ja'Quez Cross — Rush Yds 688, Y/C 5.7Owen Burk — Rush Yds 427, Y/C 5.5Jonah Coleman — Rush Yds 851, Y/C 6.9Branson Adams — Rush Yds 539, Y/C 6.1Jevon Jackson — Rush Yds 1155, Y/C 5.3Jaquez Moore — Rush Yds 601, Y/C 5.9Anthony Williams — Rush Yds 497, Y/C 4.6Jarquez Hunter — Rush Yds 865, Y/C 5.9Ollie Gordon — Rush Yds 1613, Y/C 6.3Collin Guggenheim — Rush Yds 792, Y/C 4.7Carson Steele — Rush Yds 846, Y/C 5.1Derrel Kelley III — Rush Yds 496, Y/C 5Rashod Dubinion — Rush Yds 260, Y/C 3.2Jarrell Wiley — Rush Yds 399, Y/C 5.2Jaden Shirden — Rush Yds 1419, Y/C 6.8Jaylon Glover — Rush Yds 513, Y/C 4.2Damien Martinez — Rush Yds 1185, Y/C 6.1Makhi Hughes — Rush Yds 1290, Y/C 5.3Kaleb Johnson — Rush Yds 429, Y/C 3.9Demond Claiborne — Rush Yds 586, Y/C 4.3Gavin Garcia — Rush Yds 544, Y/C 3.9Emmett Johnson — Rush Yds 411, Y/C 4.6Eden James — Rush Yds 572, Y/C 5.8Jaiden Credle — Rush Yds 427, Y/C 4.8Robert Briggs — Rush Yds 401, Y/C 5.2CJ Baxter — Rush Yds 595, Y/C 4.6Kaden Feagin — Rush Yds 438, Y/C 4.6Mark Fletcher Jr. — Rush Yds 512, Y/C 5Rueben Owens II — Rush Yds 359, Y/C 3.8Victor Rosa — Rush Yds 550, Y/C 4.9DJ Giddens — Rush Yds 1075, Y/C 5.5Jordan Nubin — Rush Yds 535, Y/C 4.3John Lee Eldridge III — Rush Yds 521, Y/C 6.9Emmanuel Michel — Rush Yds 732, Y/C 4.4Marion Lukes — Rush Yds 737, Y/C 5.1Myles Bailey — Rush Yds 476, Y/C 4.7Mason Blakemore — Rush Yds 940, Y/C 6.8Ayo Adeyi — Rush Yds 1017, Y/C 7.1Fabrice Mukendi — Rush Yds 396, Y/C 4.7Tuna Altahir — Rush Yds 496, Y/C 4.4Rickey Spruill — Rush Yds 551, Y/C 5.2Stockton Owen — Rush Yds 384, Y/C 3.3TJ Ruff — Rush Yds 661, Y/C 4.4Rushawn Baker — Rush Yds 478, Y/C 4.1Julius Loughridge — Rush Yds 1148, Y/C 5.5Naieem Kearney — Rush Yds 572, Y/C 4.4Doe Boyland — Rush Yds 613, Y/C 4.3ShunDerrick Powell — Rush Yds 1011, Y/C 7.5Jaylon Spears — Rush Yds 709, Y/C 6.8Hunter Rice — Rush Yds 844, Y/C 5.3Sam Franklin — Rush Yds 1378, Y/C 6.2Darius Hale — Rush Yds 445, Y/C 5.1Braedon Sloan — Rush Yds 667, Y/C 5.3Q Jones — Rush Yds 565, Y/C 4.4Shane McLaughlin — Rush Yds 734, Y/C 4.9Amar Johnson — Rush Yds 527, Y/C 5.9Tyvon Edmonds Jr. — Rush Yds 1140, Y/C 4.5Jordan Fuller — Rush Yds 1046, Y/C 6.7Gaven Ziebarth — Rush Yds 589, Y/C 7.4Amari Daniels — Rush Yds 514, Y/C 5.3Jordan Ford — Rush Yds 294, Y/C 3.8Kye Robichaux — Rush Yds 691, Y/C 4.6Terron Kellman — Rush Yds 328, Y/C 4Bhayshul Tuten — Rush Yds 727, Y/C 4.7Fredderick Graves — Rush Yds 393, Y/C 4.6Hope Adebayo — Rush Yds 641, Y/C 7.1Shawn Shipman — Rush Yds 590, Y/C 5.6Ja'Derris Carr-Kersh — Rush Yds 303, Y/C 3.8Elijah Burris — Rush Yds 778, Y/C 8.1Robert Giaimo — Rush Yds 385, Y/C 5.1Kayvon Britten — Rush Yds 1088, Y/C 6.5Ashton Jeanty — Rush Yds 1266, Y/C 6.2John Volker — Rush Yds 438, Y/C 4.8JaMario Clements — Rush Yds 409, Y/C 4.4Kanye Roberts — Rush Yds 648, Y/C 5.7Cartevious Norton — Rush Yds 343, Y/C 3.9Marquis Gillis — Rush Yds 660, Y/C 5.1Jawaun Northington — Rush Yds 380, Y/C 4.4Lequint Allen — Rush Yds 1061, Y/C 4.7Jahiem White — Rush Yds 792, Y/C 8.2LJ Martin — Rush Yds 518, Y/C 4.8Dylan Edwards — Rush Yds 321, Y/C 4.2Darius Taylor — Rush Yds 591, Y/C 5.7Dawson Pendergrass — Rush Yds 338, Y/C 4.3Parker Jenkins — Rush Yds 464, Y/C 4.7Sedrick Alexander — Rush Yds 370, Y/C 3.9Dylan Sampson — Rush Yds 470, Y/C 5.5Alex Tecza — Rush Yds 758, Y/C 6Tawee Walker — Rush Yds 496, Y/C 5.2CJ Donaldson — Rush Yds 798, Y/C 4.7Dean Connors — Rush Yds 707, Y/C 6.7Tye Edwards — Rush Yds 535, Y/C 4.9Anthony Woods — Rush Yds 959, Y/C 5.5Jaden Griffin — Rush Yds 124, Y/C 1Plez Lawrence — Rush Yds 502, Y/C 4.8MJ Flowers — Rush Yds 790, Y/C 5.4Jamar Curtis — Rush Yds 1332, Y/C 6.5Jamoni Jones — Rush Yds 328, Y/C 4Star Thomas — Rush Yds 643, Y/C 5.8Kendric Rhymes — Rush Yds 570, Y/C 5.5Derrick Graham Jr. — Rush Yds 319, Y/C 3.7Jordan Gant — Rush Yds 533, Y/C 3.9Ismail Mahdi — Rush Yds 1209, Y/C 6.1Jalen Buckley — Rush Yds 997, Y/C 5.3Anwar Lewis — Rush Yds 443, Y/C 5Mari Adams — Rush Yds 904, Y/C 6.2Mason Sheron — Rush Yds 867, Y/C 6.9Christian Galvan — Rush Yds 338, Y/C 3.2T.J. Harden — Rush Yds 722, Y/C 5.3Cam Edwards — Rush Yds 618, Y/C 5.1NaQuari Rogers — Rush Yds 377, Y/C 4.5Kevon King — Rush Yds 402, Y/C 4.8Eli Gillman — Rush Yds 779, Y/C 5.9Jermaine Corbett — Rush Yds 676, Y/C 4.4Torrance Burgess Jr. — Rush Yds 620, Y/C 5Marcus II Harris — Rush Yds 356, Y/C 4.1Ryan Mann — Rush Yds 468, Y/C 4.9Desmond Reid — Rush Yds 888, Y/C 7Floyd Chalk IV — Rush Yds 696, Y/C 5.7Chance Williams — Rush Yds 890, Y/C 6Jerrell Wimbley — Rush Yds 707, Y/C 5Joshua Pitsenberger — Rush Yds 448, Y/C 3.8Mel Brown — Rush Yds 467, Y/C 5Zach Palmer-Smith — Rush Yds 639, Y/C 5.2Josh Shaw — Rush Yds 388, Y/C 5Griffin Woodell — Rush Yds 705, Y/C 5Jai'Den Thomas — Rush Yds 503, Y/C 4.7Kanye Udoh — Rush Yds 524, Y/C 5.3Robert Henry Jr. — Rush Yds 551, Y/C 4.9Kadarius Calloway — Rush Yds 594, Y/C 7.6Donerio Davenport — Rush Yds 461, Y/C 5.1Luke Yoder — Rush Yds 649, Y/C 4.8Davon Booth — Rush Yds 734, Y/C 6.3Mario Anderson — Rush Yds 707, Y/C 4.9Malachi Hosley — Rush Yds 723, Y/C 6X'Zavion Evans — Rush Yds 477, Y/C 5Luke Hansen — Rush Yds 432, Y/C 4.9Rahsul Faison — Rush Yds 688, Y/C 6.6Jawarn Howell — Rush Yds 809, Y/C 7.9Edward Robinson — Rush Yds 588, Y/C 5.3Vann Schield — Rush Yds 389, Y/C 4.3SchieldRush Yds →Y/C →
dashed lines = position median · top-right = high volume + efficiency